Vascular malformations arise from disorganized angiogenesis and manifest as congenital abnormalities that may be isolated events or associated with syndromes. The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA)…

Acknowledgments I am grateful to Robert Lebowitz, Rhonda Johnson, and Jane Choura for their invaluable help in preparing this chapter and, always, for their friendship. Key point: Distinguishing normal from…

In pediatrics, one of the most common presenting symptoms to the pediatrician or emergency department is abdominal pain. It is a source of much consternation for parents and is often…

When a child presents with scrotal pain and swelling, the most important determination is between surgical and nonsurgical causes of the symptoms. This often cannot be differentiated with certainty from…

Abdominal masses in children present with variable symptoms, including abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and palpable mass on physical examination. Palpable abdominal masses are a common presenting problem on pediatric outpatient…

Vomiting is common in infancy. Parents reporting that their infant is vomiting may be dealing with regurgitation from nonpathological “spitting up” after feeds, which can be normal in newborns and…

Congenital heart disease (CHD) can be a challenge for the imagers because it requires a profound knowledge of the morphological and functional characteristics of a broad range of heart defects….

Respiratory distress is one of the most common complaints seen in the pediatric urgent care or emergency department setting. Clinically, respiratory distress is characterized by tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, and…

The mediastinum is the most common location for intrathoracic masses in children. Mediastinal masses in pediatric patients are composed of a heterogeneous group of lesions ranging from benign, asymptomatic, and…