Technical Basics of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 3.1 Echocardiography Hashim Abdul-Khaliq Matthias Gutberlet 3.1.1 Introduction Echocardiography, which was introduced in the 1950s, leverages the physical characteristics of ultrasound. Echocardiography1 uses…
Standard Values and Formulas Hashim Abdul-Khaliq Petra Böttler Samir Sarikouch 5.1 Preliminary Remarks This chapter is intended only to provide a brief overview of common standard values tables. The fundamental…
Surgical Treatment for Congenital Heart Defects 2.1 Fundamentals of Surgical Treatment Martin Kostelka Farhad Bakhtiary Friedrich Wilhelm Mohr 2.1.1 Evolution of Congenital Heart Surgery The first successful surgical interventions for…
Cardiogenesis and Classification of Congenital Heart Defects Eberhard Kuenzel Wolfgang Schmidt† 1.1 Cardiogenesis A firm basis of knowledge regarding the regular morphogenesis of the heart and cardiac-adjacent vascular system (normogenesis)…
