(11.1) (11.2)There are various possible combinations between n and m. The simplest form is “one-hit one-target model,” namely, the entire cell nucleus is regarded as a single target, and if…
Fig. 4.1 Bird’s-eye view of the HIMAC facility The HIMAC facility has employed a single beam-wobbling method, which is one of the passive beam delivery methods [10], as shown in…
Quantities for 60Co in the in the denominator of the above equation are well established. For protons, there are some uncertainties. According IAEA TRS 398, Wair/e for protons is 34.23 ± 0.14…
Fig. 5.1 Physical selectivity vs. linear energy transfer (LET) (radiobiological advantage) and cost for different types of beams and techniques (Modified from Raju [2]) While protons are at present rapidly…
Fig. 7.1 Effect of pencil beam size on the dose distribution. Dose volume histograms (DVH) for the target volume (prostate) and the rectum obtained with different pencil beam size and…
Fig. 3.1 Basic modular design of particle therapy systems The beam production system is the “engine” of the particle therapy system. It is responsible for the acceleration of particles to…
(9.1)where K = 0.307075 MeV cm2 g−1, z is the charge of the projectile ion, Z/A is the average ratio of the atomic number over the atomic mass of the medium, W…
Fig. 12.1 Stages of the planning process for PBS: (a) Planning CT, (b) All deliverable BPs, (c) Selected and pre-weighted BPs, (d) Optimized BPs Figure 12.1b shows an initial estimation…
Fig. 10.1 Dose distributions in the transverse plane for a typical base-of-skull patient: The depicted distributions illustrate that the CTV-based robustly optimized plan (panels b, d) is insensitive to uncertainties…
Fig. 8.1 Dr Raymond Kjellberg (and assistant) manipulating the stereotactic frame for a proton radiosurgery patient (left). An example dose calculation (not for this patient) shows the dose hand calculation…
