Radiology Key

The abdominal aorta and its primary branches are involved in many diseases and conditions that affect large and medium-sized arteries. Traditional evaluation of the abdominal aorta relied on catheter aortography;…

Aortic Valve The normal aortic valve has three cusps: the right, left, and noncoronary cusps ( Fig. 34-1 , A and B ). A bicuspid aortic valve occurs in 2%…

Echocardiography is the primary imaging method for the evaluation of patients suspected of having valvular dysfunction because this modality is relatively inexpensive, fast, and available in most hospitals. Its temporal…

The current classification of vascular anomalies into vascular tumors and vascular malformations and their subtypes has been used by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) since…

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important worldwide clinical entity. It includes asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), symptomatic DVT, and pulmonary embolism (PE). Each year, DVT and PE affect 1 to…

Upper extremity arteries are affected by a myriad of vascular disorders. Atherosclerosis is the most common arterial disease, but other conditions, such as vasculitis, chronic repetitive traumatic injuries, and trauma,…

Noninvasive imaging of the carotid and vertebral arteries is achieved with duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). This chapter focuses on pearls and pitfalls of…

The pulmonary veins and atria are affected by a variety of congenital and acquired abnormalities. Echocardiography is often the initial modality used in the evaluation of atria and atrial appendages….

Venous insufficiency is defined as retrograde blood flow in the venous system resulting from incompetence of the venous valves. It is the most common pathologic process affecting the venous system….

The aorta, the largest artery in the body, pumps up to 200 million L of blood in an average lifetime. Thoracic aortic diseases range from chronic to acute and have…