Aqueductal Stenosis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Narrowing/occlusion at aqueduct of Sylvius (between 3rd and 4th ventricles), causing obstructive hydrocephalus Imaging • Moderate to severe ventricular dilatation (> 15 mm) ○ May be…
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
KEY FACTS Terminology • Ventriculoarterial discordance (arteries are switched) ○ Aorta arises from right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA) arises from left ventricle (LV) Imaging • 4-chamber view is normal…
Hemorrhagic Cyst
KEY FACTS Terminology • Hemorrhage into functional cyst in ovarian parenchyma Imaging • Avascular hypoechoic ovarian “mass” with fine, lacy interstices due to fibrin strands • Majority resorb quickly and…
Adenomyosis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Ectopic endometrial tissue within myometrium with adjacent smooth muscle hyperplasia Imaging • Globular uterine enlargement, asymmetric myometrial thickening • Poor definition of endometrial-myometrial interface/thickening of junctional…
Ebstein Anomaly
KEY FACTS Terminology • Apical displacement of septal and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets • Coaptation point of tricuspid valve (i.e., where valve leaflets fit together) is lowered into right ventricle…
Crohn Disease
KEY FACTS Terminology • Chronic, relapsing granulomatous inflammatory disease with predominant involvement of gastrointestinal tract Imaging • Bowel wall thickening ○ Adults: > 3 mm ○ Children: Small bowel thickness…
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Malignant tumor of transitional epithelium extending from calyces to ureteral orifices • a.k.a. transitional cell carcinoma Imaging • Hypoechoic infiltrative tumor in renal pelvis or ureter…
Caudal Regression Sequence
KEY FACTS Terminology • Malformation complex characterized by varying degrees of developmental failure involving sacral and lumbar vertebrae and corresponding segments of spinal cord ○ Abnormal innervation affects lower extremity…
Renal Cell Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Imaging • Variable appearance: Solid, cystic, or complex • Solid: Homogeneous or heterogeneous, hypervascular soft tissue components and areas of necrosis, calcifications • Cystic variant: Unilocular or multilocular,…
Ventricular Septal Defect
KEY FACTS Terminology • Ventricular septal defects (VSD) classified according to location ○ Membranous: Defect in outflow tract of left ventricle, immediately below aortic valve ○ Muscular: Defect in muscular…
