Key Echocardiographic Features • Left ventricle dilation with poor contractility. • Aortic annular hypoplasia, with aortic stenosis or atresia. • Abnormal mitral valve with small annulus, thickened leaflets, stenosis, and…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Size of the pulmonary annulus in comparison with the aortic annulus. • Laminar or turbulent flow across pulmonic valve? • Peak systolic velocity across the pulmonic…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta above the level of the two semilunar valves. • The window is typically large. • Commonly seen in…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Thickened, doming aortic valve. • Ascending aorta may be dilated in isolated aortic stenosis; however, aortic hypoplasia is common when aortic stenosis is seen in the…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Site of narrowing of the arch • Associated anomalies such as aortic stenosis, subaortic narrowing, left ventricular hypoplasia, or ventricular septal defect • Mitral valve size…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Absence of competent aortic valve tissue at the site of the aortic annulus. • Abnormally prominent pulsation of the ascending aorta. • Abnormal dilation of the…

Ultrasound assessment of the fetal cardiovascular system is a challenging but very rewarding process. Although the term fetal echocardiography may imply assessment of the fetal heart alone, much information is…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Location of defect on the ventricular septum. • Size of defect in relation to aortic annulus. • Direction of shunting across the defect. • Presence or…

Key Echocardiographic Features • Presence or absence of great vessels crossing as they course just above the heart. • Relationship of the great vessels to each other as they arise…