Stenosis and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEARTSYNDROME AORTIC STENOSIS AND CRITICAL AORTIC STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Aortic stenosis is defined as narrowing at the level of the…
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
Screening for Congenital Heart Disease
FOR CONGENITALHEART DISEASE 3 INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital abnormality in the human fetus, and it accounts for more than half of…
Fetal Echocardiography: Basic and Advanced Applications
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: BASICAND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION The introduction of three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D ultrasound or volume sonography) to obstetric imaging provided an advance in imaging technology. Unlike conventional two-dimensional…
of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect, and Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome
PULMONARY ATRESIA WITHVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT,AND ABSENT PULMONARYVALVE SYNDROME TETRALOGY OF FALLOT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is characterized by a subaortic…
Outlet Right Ventricle
19 DOUBLE OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a heterogeneous group of cardiac anomalies where…
Doppler Echocardiography
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DOPPLER PRINCIPLES The concept of color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography is derived from the Doppler effect, which is based on the apparent variation in frequency of…
of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch
AORTA AND INTERRUPTEDAORTIC ARCH COARCTATION OF THE AORTA Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Coarctation of the aorta involves narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located…
Arterial Trunk
18 COMMON ARTERIAL TRUNK Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Common arterial trunk (CAT), also referred to as persistent truncus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus communis, and…
Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Tricuspid Regurgitation
VALVE DYSPLASIA, ANDTRICUSPID REGURGITATION 14 EBSTEIN ANOMALY Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence In the normal heart the tricuspid valve inserts more apically on the interventricular…
Stenosis, Pulmonary Atresia, and Ductus Arteriosus Constriction
PULMONARY ATRESIA, ANDDUCTUS ARTERIOSUSCONSTRICTION PULMONARY STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Pulmonary stenosis is defined as obstruction to right ventricular outflow due to pulmonary valve…
