Clinical Relevance Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) occur in approximately 5% to 10% of the male population older than 65 years, and the incidence increases with advancing age. The risk of…

In most countries, critical limb ischemia (CLI) has an incidence estimated to be 50 to 100 per 100,000 every year. CLI has a high mortality and morbidity rate and consumes…

Epidemiology Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) refers to stenotic or occlusive disease of the infrarenal aorta and iliac arteries, and is a significant cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Epidemiologic studies…

Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Mahmood Razavi for his insight and support in writing this chapter. Femoropopliteal occlusive disease is present in a significant proportion of older…

Acute lower extremity ischemia (ALI) is a serious condition with substantial morbidity and mortality. ALI refers to recent onset of lower extremity pain; long-standing lower extremity ischemia is dealt with…

Most of this chapter discusses management of occlusive disease of the subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries. Treatment of various conditions such as thoracic outlet syndrome and more distal lesions is also…

This chapter is not intended to replace standard anatomy texts. For the purposes of this chapter, the lower limb is considered to extend from the thigh to the foot. The…

Imaging Modalities of The Upper Extremity Imaging of the arterial and venous systems is an important component of the evaluation in many vascular disorders involving the upper extremity. This chapter…

Invasive vascular imaging is based on the technique described by Sven Ivar Seldinger in 1953 ( Fig. 7.1 ). This elegant innovation, now known by Seldinger’s name, eliminated the need…

After an arteriography or intervention, the access site must be effectively managed. The planning for access site control starts before gaining access. The operator must make sure that (1) the…