Introduction Contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be either endogenous or exogenous. The most common type of endogenous contrast-enhanced MRI is arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques, which…

Computed tomography (CT) has grown quickly from an innovative specialized tool to a mainstay of medicine in every healthcare setting. Hospitals, outpatient clinics, and physician offices find CT to be…

Imaging studies play a central role in the diagnosis of spinal trauma. The biomechanics, natural history, and treatment methods differ significantly in cervical and thoracolumbar injuries and are therefore addressed…

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is based on spatially encoding a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal. Therefore an understanding of the basics of NMR is critical for understanding MRI, and this…

Cerebral Aneurysms Incidence and Natural History The incidence of a cerebral aneurysm in the general population is 0.5% to 5%. Women more commonly harbor a cerebral aneurysm than men, and…

Introduction Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) enables noninvasive assessment of vascular disease in both the arterial and venous circulation. Owing to the availability of volumetric data sets without the need for…

Anatomy The soft tissue structures of the orbit are contained within a bony cavity and include the globe, extraocular muscles, optic nerve–sheath complex, lacrimal apparatus, and various vascular and nerve…

Introduction The demand for pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is steadily increasing because MRI is radiation free, has exquisite soft tissue contrast, and provides quantitative structural, functional, and vascular information…