Fig. 14.1 (a) The leading circle concept: Activity establishes itself in the smallest pathway that can support reentry, shown as a large black arrow. Inside the leading circle, centripetal wavelets…

(3.1) where ΔF/F is the fractional fluorescence signal per unit change in Vm and Φ is the number of detected photons per unit time (fluorescence intensity expressed as photon flux)….

Fig. 6.1 Properties of a FRET VSD dye pair. (a) Most FRET VSDs incorporate an immobile donor (purple) and a mobile anion (orange). A variety of molecules can be used…

Fig. 20.1 FlaSh. (a) GFPΔC (green) was inserted in-frame into the Shaker K1 channel (black). A point mutation W434F (red circle) was made in the pore of the channel to…

Fig. 11.1 Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of behaving monkeys. Setup for VSD imaging of cortical dynamics in behaving monkeys. The exposed monkey cortex is covered with a sealed cranial window (bottom…

Fig. 7.1 Photodiode array, absorption spectra and signal-to-noise ratio. (a) WuTech 469 V photodiode array, a commercial version of the photodiode arrays developed by Cohen group (Cohen and Lesher 1986). WuTech…

Fig. 4.1 Alternatives for combined imaging using two-indicators. (a) (Left) Ideal absorption and emission spectra of two indicators with separate absorption spectra and overlapping emission spectra. Arrows indicated by “ex”…

Fig. 9.1 Voltage-sensitive dye and optical recording system. (a) The chemical structure (upper) and wavelength dependence (lower) of a merocyanine-rhodanine dye NK2761. Fractional changes in transmitted light intensity (ΔI/I: the…

Fig. 1.1 (a) Top. Photographs of Richard Keynes and David Hill. Bottom panel. A Carcinus maenas leg nerve was stimulated 250 times during the bar labeled stimulus. The stimulus resulted…

Fig. 5.1 Imaging with fast voltage sensitive dyes allows simultaneous recording of the individual action potentials generated by large numbers of neurons. (a) Conventional sharp electrode intracellular recording of the…