Introduction In 1965, Miyazaki and Kato first reported the use of continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of extracranial cerebral vessels. Despite its rapid development in other medical fields, this…

Introduction Carotid occlusion is one of the most important diagnoses that is made in the vascular laboratory or imaging department. The distinction between carotid occlusion and near-total occlusion or high-grade…

Introduction The association of carotid atherosclerotic disease with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease (i.e., transient ischemic attacks), amaurosis fugax, and stroke, is well established. Carotid endarterectomy and stenting are also effective in…

Key wordscommon carotid artery, internal carotid artery, flow separation, intima-media thickness, carotid bulb, flow divider, tortuosity   B-Mode Ultrasound of the Normal Carotid Artery Wall The carotid artery wall is…

Introduction The identification of carotid artery stenosis is the most common indication for cerebrovascular ultrasound. The majority of stenotic lesions occur in the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA); however, other…

Key wordsatherosclerosis, plaque, intima-media thickness, gray-scale median, ultrasound transducer, plaque ulceration, plaque calcification, echodensity, carotid arteries   Introduction The ultrasound evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerosis has evolved over the years….

Introduction Because chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the twelfth most common cause of death in the United States, evaluation of the liver and its vasculature is a very common…

Introduction Venous structure and function are different from their arterial counterparts. Although they both transport blood, the veins perform multiple different functions. Their tasks include transporting blood back to the…

Introduction Organ transplantation has become the treatment of choice for end-stage renal and liver disease with the exception of cases with diffuse metastatic liver disease or with hepatocellular carcinoma that…

Introduction Duplex and color Doppler imaging play an important role in the ultrasound evaluation of the female pelvis. Doppler is indispensable for the workup of many common problems. These techniques…