Radiology Key

Veins of the Upper Extremity There are two groups of veins in the upper limb, the superficial and deep venous systems, with free anastomoses between them. The superficial veins are…

Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Extremity The lymphatic drainage of the deep tissues of the upper limb follows the main neurovascular bundles ending in the lateral axillary lymph nodes. Lymphatic…

Cardiac Veins The human heart has three systems of veins: the left ventricular, the right ventricular, and the thebesian veins. These are separate but intercommunicating systems. The left ventricular system…

Veins of the Thorax Brachiocephalic veins, also called innominate veins, are large veins at the upper thorax and represent united trunks of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins. There…

Pulmonary Venous Circulation The pulmonary veins arise from the capillaries of the alveolar meshwork and from the capillary network of the pleura. The larger branches run within the interlobular septa…

Pulmonary and Thoracic Lymphatic System The pleural lymphatics are variable in size, number, and distribution. They distribute in a plexus with broad channels. There are abundant anastomoses with the pulmonary…

Thoracic Aorta and Arteries of the Trunk The thoracic aorta is conventionally divided into three segments: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta, which is subsequently divided…

Pulmonary Arterial Circulation Anatomically, the pulmonary arteries are elastic, with little mural musculature down to their fifth or sixth divisions. Peripherally, the amount of smooth muscle in the walls of…

Lymphatic System of the Thorax Peripheral lymph drainage to the venous circulation is accomplished via the right and left lymphovenous portals, which are located close to the junction of the…

Arteries of the Head and Neck The arterial vascularization of the head and neck originates from the three main arteries at the aortic arch (Fig. 2.1). In two thirds of…