Twin Reverse Arterial Perfusion
Key Echocardiographic Features • Presence of monochorionic pregnancy in which one twin has a primitive, ineffective heart. • Direction of flow in the umbilical artery is from placenta to fetus…
Heterotaxy Syndrome and Complex Single Ventricle
Key Echocardiographic Features • Identify the location of the abdominal organs (stomach and liver) and determine situs. • Identify the position of the heart in the chest (levocardia or dextrocardia)….
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Key Echocardiographic Features • Lucency in the lung with color flow imaging highlighting increased flow within the lucency. • Dilated pulmonary veins and selective dilation of the left side of…
Tricuspid Atresia
Key Echocardiographic Features • Patency of the tricuspid valve • Size of the right ventricle • Size and location of the ventricular septal defect, which directs blood into the right…
Conjoined Twins
Key Echocardiographic Features • Determine the nature of the heart relationship as being either two separate beating hearts or a single cardiac amalgam. • If two separate hearts, identify the…
Double-Inlet Left Ventricle
Key Echocardiographic Features • Assess for the morphology of the larger ventricle (left ventricle). • Identify the atrioventricular valve connections to the left ventricle, and assess size and degree of…
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Key Echocardiographic Features • Size and function of the left ventricle in comparison with the right ventricle. • Direction of shunting at the atrial level (hypoplastic left heart syndrome is…
Cardiac Masses and Tumors
Key Echocardiographic Features • Locate the position of the mass within the heart. • Search for multiple masses and identify the number of masses seen. • Determine whether the mass…
Diverticulum or Aneurysm of the Ventricle
Key Echocardiographic Features • Locate the position of the diverticulum as either at the apex (most common) or originating from the wall of the ventricle. • Determine the presence or…
Ebstein’s Anomaly and Other Abnormalities of the Tricuspid Valve
Key Echocardiographic Features • Heart size, cardiothoracic area ratio • Heart rhythm • Degree of displacement of the tricuspid valve • Effective right atrial and right ventricular size • Degree…
