Aspects of Congenital Heart Defects
CONGENITAL HEARTDEFECTS 2 INTRODUCTION The fetal heart undergoes complex developmental changes in the first few weeks of gestation and is anatomically fully developed by the eighth week…
Aortic Arch, Double Aortic Arch, and Aberrant Subclavian Artery
DOUBLE AORTICARCH, AND ABERRANTSUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INTRODUCTION It is generally acknowledged that anomalies of aortic arch branching are best understood when basic embryology of the aortic arch is…
Ventricular, and Atrioventricular Septal Defects
ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTALDEFECTS ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening of the atrial septum leading to a…
Arrhythmias
25 INTRODUCTION The prenatal diagnosis of cardiac rhythm abnormalities has been made possible with advancements in ultrasound imaging. M-mode ultrasound in addition to color and pulsed…
of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Connections
PULMONARY VENOUSCONNECTIONS INTRODUCTION Anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous connections can occur as isolated anomalies or as part of simple (atrial septal defect) or complex cardiac malformations…
Cardiomyopathies and Fetal Heart Tumors
AND FETAL HEARTTUMORS 24 DILATED AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the myocardium affecting the left, the right, or both ventricles and are commonly associated with…
Doppler in Fetal Echocardiography
IN FETALECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 7 INTRODUCTION Color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound was introduced to clinical practice about two decades ago and its clinical application in fetal echocardiography was quickly…
Great Vessels
THE PULMONARY ARTERY The pulmonary artery (main pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk) arises from the right ventricle in the anterior aspect of the heart. It crosses over…
Heterotaxy, Left Atrial Isomerism, Right Atrial Isomerism, and Situs Inversus
ISOMERISM, RIGHT ATRIALISOMERISM, AND SITUS INVERSUS 22 FETAL HETEROTAXY WITH LEFT ATRIAL ISOMERISM AND RIGHT ATRIAL ISOMERISM Definition, Terminology, and Incidence The embryologic development of abdominal…
Anatomic Landmarks of the Fetal Heart
OF THE FETALHEART FETAL VISCERAL SITUS The first step in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetal heart is the assessment of the fetal visceral situs (laterality of…
