10.1055/b-0034-92241 Lower Limb Alignment Full-Length Anteroposterior Standing Radiograph The full-length standing radiograph in the anteroposterior (AP) projection is the basic tool for the radiologic analysis of lower limb alignment. To…
10.1055/b-0034-92254 Osteoporosis Bone Densitometry The basis for the radiologic diagnosis of osteoporosis is the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). The standard clinical tests for this purpose are dual X-ray…
10.1055/b-0034-92248 Elbow Joint Cubital Angle (Carrying Angle of the Elbow) Various techniques have been described for measuring the cubital angle (synonym: carrying angle) of the elbow joint. The humerus–elbow–wrist angle…
10.1055/b-0034-102687 Degenerative Disease Degenerative Spinal Stenosis Degenerative spinal stenosis can be central, subarticular (lateral recess) in location (the space between the posterior margin of vertebral body and the anterior margin…
10.1055/b-0034-102685 Congenital Disease Congenital Spinal Stenosis No measurements are absolute; however, AP dimensions of the spinal canal less than 10 mm in the cervical region ( Fig. 3.14 ) and…
10.1055/b-0034-102689 Infection and Inflammation Disk Space Infection Disk space infection can be hematogenous in origin, or a complication of spine surgery. In the latter, the clinical presentation is usually several…
