Radioactivity and Radionuclides
In nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals given to the patient emit the radiation used to create images or perform therapy. In order to understand how these agents perform and what safety considerations…
Radiation Detection & Ancillary Instrumentation
The passage of radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays, through a given material leads to ionizations and excitations that can be used to quantify the amount of energy deposited….
Vascular Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta and the Inferior Vena Cava
Abdominal Aorta The abdominal aorta continues from the thoracic aorta as it passes posterior to the median arcuate ligament and between the crura of the diaphragm (aortic hiatus), in front…
Congenital Vascular Anomalies: Classification and Terminology
Vascular anomalies are a complex group of developmental abnormalities due to inborn errors of vasculogenesis or angiogenesis that present significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Because of the rarity and…
Management of High-Flow Vascular Anomalies
Vascular anomalies are often poorly managed for a number of reasons: they are uncommon (other than the true infantile hemangioma), their mode of presentation is extremely variable, their classification has…
Management of Low-Flow Vascular Malformations
The goal of sclerotherapy is to obliterate abnormal channels by damaging the endothelium, thereby resulting in subsequent inflammation and fibrosis. Venous malformations (VMs) are caused by abnormal development of the…
Endovascular Aortic Repair
Clinical Relevance Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) occur in approximately 5% to 10% of the male population older than 65 years, and the incidence increases with advancing age. The risk of…
Revascularization: Infrapopliteal
In most countries, critical limb ischemia (CLI) has an incidence estimated to be 50 to 100 per 100,000 every year. CLI has a high mortality and morbidity rate and consumes…
Revascularization: Aortoiliac
Epidemiology Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) refers to stenotic or occlusive disease of the infrarenal aorta and iliac arteries, and is a significant cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Epidemiologic studies…
Revascularization: Femoropopliteal
Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Mahmood Razavi for his insight and support in writing this chapter. Femoropopliteal occlusive disease is present in a significant proportion of older…
