Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae
Key points • Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) are pathologic shunts between dural arteries to dural veins or a venous sinus and are an important cause of pulsatile tinnitus. •…
Venous Abnormalities Leading to Tinnitus
Venous anomalies are the most commonly identified abnormality by imaging in the work-up for pulse synchronous tinnitus. Potential diagnoses include idiopathic intracranial hypertension, sigmoid sinus wall anomalies, transverse and sigmoid…
Arterial Abnormalities Leading to Tinnitus
Key points • Tinnitus is the unwanted perception of sound in the absence of an external stimulus, and is classified by whether the sound is perceived by the patient alone,…
Clinical Evaluation of Tinnitus
The clinical evaluation of patients with tinnitus differs based on whether the tinnitus is subjective or objective. Subjective tinnitus is usually associated with a hearing loss, and therefore, the clinical…
Neuroscience of Tinnitus
Tinnitus is a consequence of changes in auditory and nonauditory neural networks following damage to the cochlea. Homeostatic compensatory mechanisms occur after hearing loss and these mechanisms alter the balance…
Tinnitus—More Than Ringing in the Ears
Prashant Raghavan, MBBS, Editor Dheeraj Gandhi, MBBS, MD, Editor Tinnitus is not merely ringing in the ears. It is a condition that has distressed many a great mind—from the Spanish…
Neuroimaging of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Pediatric Cerebellum and Brainstem
Cerebellar involvement by infectious-inflammatory conditions is rare in children. Most patients present with acute ataxia, and are typically previously healthy, young (often preschool) children. Viral involvement is the most common…
Vascular Disorders of the Cerebellum in Children
Key differences exist in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of vascular lesions of the cerebellum in children versus adults. An understanding of these differences and an appreciation of the…
Pediatric Neurocutaneous Syndromes with Cerebellar Involvement
Neurocutaneous syndromes encompasses a broad group of genetic disorders with different clinical, genetic, and pathologic features that share developmental lesions of the skin as well as central and peripheral nervous…
