3D TEE Imaging Annette Vegas INTRODUCTION Real-time (RT) three-dimensional (3D) TEE is being increasingly used in the perioperative period to assess cardiac anatomy and function. Ease of acquisition with rapid…

Aortic Stenosis Ira S. Cohen INTRODUCTION With the exception of coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, aortic valve replacement (AVR) for critical aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common indication for…

Critical Care Echocardiography Heidi K. Atwell and Michael H. Wall INTRODUCTION Critical care ultrasound (CCUS) comprises ultrasound evaluation of the heart, lungs, pleural space, abdomen, vascular access, and evaluation of…

Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia Joachim M. Erb and Manfred D. Seeberger ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY Coronary Anatomy The myocardium has its own independent blood supply and…

A Practical Approach to the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Diastolic Function Stanton K. Shernan IN COMPARISON TO SYSTOLE, THE diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle has only recently acquired appropriate…

Mitral Regurgitation A. Stephane Lambert TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (TEE) HAS BECOME a standard of care in the cardiac operating room, allowing the anesthesiologist to play an important part in the surgical…

Doppler Technology and Technique Albert C. Perrino, Jr. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PROVIDES remarkable high-resolution, full motion display of cardiac structures. Yet despite the ability to reveal the most intricate anatomic detail,…

Techniques and Tricks for Optimizing Transesophageal Images Alan C. Finley and Scott T. Reeves INTRODUCTION The accuracy and diagnostic confidence of a transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) study depends greatly on the…

Aortic Regurgitation Ira S. Cohen THE EXQUISITE SENSITIVITY OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL echocardiography (TEE) in identifying aortic regurgitation (AR) is manifested by its ability to detect the minute regurgitant jets engineered into…