R testicular seminoma tends to drain to the vena cava and aortocaval nodes. L testicular seminoma tends to drain to the L renal vein and para-aortic nodes. 2 Diagnostic Workup…

Fig. 1 (a) T1-weighted sagittal sequence. (b) T1-weighted axial sequence Anteriorly, the tumor can extend into the nasal fossa (87 %) (Fig. 7) and result in destruction of the pterygoid…

FIGO stage I II III Pelvic nodes (%) 15 30 50 Para-aortic nodes (%) 5 20 30 FIGO International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics The most common sites of hematogenous…

Volume Description Gross tumor volume (GTV) Pre-chemotherapy/surgery GTV (GTVp) Contains gross tumor volume as identified on diagnostic imaging prior to chemotherapy and/or surgery Post-chemotherapy/surgery GTV (GTVr) Contains gross tumor volume…

Fig. 1 Primary lymphatic sites of bladder carcinoma: Distribution of positive nodes after cystectomy and PLND in 60 patients. The noted areas are the external iliac (Ia) distal and (Ib)…

(1) Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (2) Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON   1 Anatomy and…

  Pelvic lymphnodes (%) Para-aortic lymph nodes (%) Low risk <5 <5 Medium risk 5–10 <5 High risk >10 >10 Adapted from Creasman et al. (1987) GOG Gynecologic Oncology Group…

Fig. 1 Axial T2 sequence without fat suppression for staging of rectal cancer. The mesorectal fat surrounds the rectum and is enclosed within the mesorectal fascia (yellow arrows). In the…

Fig. 1 Standard WBRT fields. Conventional opposed lateral fields are rotated slightly off-axis (RAO/LAO) (red/green) to create coplanar anterior field edges which do not diverge into the lenses. (a) Beam’s…

Fig. 1 Arterial supply and venous drainage of the thyroid gland. The superior and inferior thyroid arteries (STA and ITA) arise from the external carotid arteries and the thyrocervical trunks,…