SEDATION =  administration of medication to calm the nervous system: ⇓ awareness; ⇓ responsiveness to external stimuli; ⇓ anxiety; ⇓ spontaneous movements; may produce amnesia Phases of sedation protocol:   1. Preprocedural assessment…

3.   Recipients of contaminated blood products (3%) 4.   Sexual partner of drug abuser + bisexual man 5.   Infants born to a woman infected with HIV virus ◊  HIV antibodies present in > 50% of…

◊  >90% of nipples contain 5–9 ductal orifices (b)  multiple other blind-ending orifices: connected to sebaceous glands of 1–4 cm in length √  bilateral symmetric enhancement pattern of normal nipple: √  1–2 mm superficial…

Orbital Spaces  globe: subdivided into anterior + posterior segments by lens optic nerve-sheath complex: optic nerve surrounded by meningeal sheath as extension from cerebral meninges  intraconal space: orbital fat, ophthalmic…

bilateral renal agenesis / dysplasia / infantile polycystic kidney disease, congenital nephrotic syndrome, congenital nephritis, perinatal hypoxia Frequency:   ATN + prerenal disease account for 75% of acute renal failure; 5–7% of…

Axis Anomalies 1.   Persistent ossiculum terminale = Bergman ossicle √  unfused odontoid process > 12 years of age DDx:   type 1 odontoid fracture 2.   Odontoid aplasia (extremely rare) 3.   Os odontoideum =  independent os cephalad to…

viral infection (CMV, malaria, EBV); congenital disease; metabolic abnormality (Gaucher disease, amyloidosis); neoplasm (leukemia, lymphoma, hemangiomatosis, angiosarcoma) 3.   Gynecologic causes:hemorrhagic ovarian cyst (usually corpus luteal / follicular cyst); ectopic pregnancy; HELLP…

MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC HEPATIC LESIONS A.  CONGENITAL 1.  Polycystic liver disease B.  NEOPLASTIC 1.  Biliary cystadenoma / ~carcinoma 2.  Hepatocellular carcinoma 3.  Cystic metastasis: neuroendocrine tumor, melanoma, GIST, mucinous colorectal / mucinous ovarian carcinoma; treated metastasis 4.  Inflammatory…

NHL > Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin disease √  bilateral multiple renal masses: √  slightly hyperattenuating relative to renal parenchyma on NECT √  hypoattenuating homogeneous masses during nephrographic phase on CECT √  direct extension of retroperitoneal…

ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA =  AVF =  abnormal communication between artery + vein resulting in tremendous amount of flow due to high pressure gradient → enlargement + elongation of draining veins; NO nidus Cause:…