Fig. 40.1 Pathology slide of a chordoma Immunohistochemistry shows that almost all tumors stain positively for the epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratins, S-100 proteins, and are negative for HMB-45 and desmin…

Fig. 56.1 Axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced and T2-weighted MRI scans 4 months following GK thalamotomy In order to discuss the merits of radiosurgical thalamotomy, it is beneficial to consider the role…

Fig. 32.1 (a) Classic lateral portal film outlining the posterior fossa boost for a patient with medulloblastoma (lower): composite craniospinal, posterior fossa, and primary site dose distribution for a standard-risk…

Fig. 61.1 Limbic system: OB olfactory bulb, LOT lateral olfactory striae, INS insula, UB uncinate bundle, DB diagonal band of Broca, AMYG amygdala, SCR subcallosal radiations, HYP hypothalamus, AT anterior…

Fig. 34.1 Midsagittal section demonstrating the anatomy of the pineal region. Labeled structures include the pineal body (PB), the subforniceal organ (SFO), choroid plexus (CP), area postrema (AP), neurohypophysis (NH),…

Authors Year No. of cases Approach Patient population Pathology Percent of patients with GTR (%) Mortality (%) Major morbidity (%) Permanent minor morbidity (%) Hoffman et al. [8] 1983 61…

First author Patients FU length Lesion location Clinical presentation Annual bleeding risk Comment Robinson [7] (1991) 66 patients 26 months Supratentorial: 55 patients Seizures: 34 patients 0.7 % per lesion…

Class Original RTOG definition Median survival (months) Two-year survival (%) RTOG EORTC/NCIC RTOG EORTC/NCIC I Age <50, AA, normal mental status 58.6 n/a 76 n/a II Age ≥50, KPS 70–100,…

Description Points Size <3 cm 1 3–6 cm 2 >6 cm 3 Eloquence Yes 1 No 0 Deep venous drainage Yes 1 No 0 Reprinted from Spetzler RF, Martin NA….

Fig. 51.1 Selected (a) axial FLAIR, (b) coronal T1 postcontrast, and (c) sagittal T1 MRI scans of a 31-year-old female medical student who presented with four clinical hemorrhages resulting in…