Treatment of high-grade primary brain tumors is based on experience from multicenter trials. However, the prognosis has changed little in 3 decades. This suggests that there is a fundamental oversight…
Recent evidence suggests that vascular permeability and the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) are important mediators of brain tumor growth in addition to angiogenesis. Perfusion and…
Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) may provide supplementary information to other neuroimaging methods, adding valuable information to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of movement disorders. The value of TCS in the…
The role for neuroimaging in the management of patients with tremor is gradually increasing, particularly with respect to stereotactic neurosurgery and deep brain stimulation where less than 2-mm tolerance is…
The main role of computed axial tomography in the field of movement disorders was to exclude uncommon but potentially reversible structural abnormalities including tumors, chronic subdural hematoma, and communicating hydrocephalus…
The substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus are two key structures in the midbrain that are very important in movement disorders, particularly those associated with parkinsonism. Using conventional magnetic resonance (MR)…
Functional neurosurgery involves precise surgical targeting of anatomic structures to modulate neurologic function. From its conception, advances in the surgical treatment of movement disorders have been intertwined with developments in…
The functional magnetic resonance (fMR) technique for brain mapping is a valuable tool for understanding both normal physiology and the dysfunction taking place in disorders of the brain. This article…
Parkinsonism is a syndrome that features bradykinesia (slowness of the initiation of voluntary movement) and at least 1 of the following conditions: rest tremor, muscular rigidity, or postural instability. Criteria…
Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative cause of parkinsonism, followed by progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Despite published consensus operational criteria for the diagnosis of…
