Heart Disease: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prevention
INCIDENCE, RISK FACTORS,AND PREVENTION 1 INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common severe congenital abnormality (1). Half of the cases of…
Echocardiography in Early Gestation
IN EARLY GESTATION INTRODUCTION The prenatal diagnosis of cardiac malformations has been traditionally limited to the mid-second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The first description of a…
Cardiac Chambers
5 THE RIGHT ATRIUM The right atrium is located anteriorly and to the right of the left atrium. The posterior portion of the right atrium (sinus…
Stenosis and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEARTSYNDROME AORTIC STENOSIS AND CRITICAL AORTIC STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Aortic stenosis is defined as narrowing at the level of the…
Screening for Congenital Heart Disease
FOR CONGENITALHEART DISEASE 3 INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital abnormality in the human fetus, and it accounts for more than half of…
Fetal Echocardiography: Basic and Advanced Applications
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: BASICAND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION The introduction of three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D ultrasound or volume sonography) to obstetric imaging provided an advance in imaging technology. Unlike conventional two-dimensional…
of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect, and Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome
PULMONARY ATRESIA WITHVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT,AND ABSENT PULMONARYVALVE SYNDROME TETRALOGY OF FALLOT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is characterized by a subaortic…
Outlet Right Ventricle
19 DOUBLE OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a heterogeneous group of cardiac anomalies where…
Doppler Echocardiography
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DOPPLER PRINCIPLES The concept of color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography is derived from the Doppler effect, which is based on the apparent variation in frequency of…
of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch
AORTA AND INTERRUPTEDAORTIC ARCH COARCTATION OF THE AORTA Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Coarctation of the aorta involves narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located…
