Arterial Trunk
18 COMMON ARTERIAL TRUNK Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Common arterial trunk (CAT), also referred to as persistent truncus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus communis, and…
Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Tricuspid Regurgitation
VALVE DYSPLASIA, ANDTRICUSPID REGURGITATION 14 EBSTEIN ANOMALY Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence In the normal heart the tricuspid valve inserts more apically on the interventricular…
Stenosis, Pulmonary Atresia, and Ductus Arteriosus Constriction
PULMONARY ATRESIA, ANDDUCTUS ARTERIOSUSCONSTRICTION PULMONARY STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Pulmonary stenosis is defined as obstruction to right ventricular outflow due to pulmonary valve…
Atrioventricular Connection, Double Inlet Ventricle, and Tricuspid Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
ATRIOVENTRICULARCONNECTION, DOUBLE INLETVENTRICLE, AND TRICUSPIDATRESIA WITHVENTRICULAR SEPTALDEFECT 16 UNIVENTRICULAR ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION Univentricular atrioventricular connection describes a group of cardiac malformations where the atrioventricular connection is completely or…
and Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
CORRECTED TRANSPOSITIONOF THE GREAT ARTERIES COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a…
Aspects of Congenital Heart Defects
CONGENITAL HEARTDEFECTS 2 INTRODUCTION The fetal heart undergoes complex developmental changes in the first few weeks of gestation and is anatomically fully developed by the eighth week…
Aortic Arch, Double Aortic Arch, and Aberrant Subclavian Artery
DOUBLE AORTICARCH, AND ABERRANTSUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INTRODUCTION It is generally acknowledged that anomalies of aortic arch branching are best understood when basic embryology of the aortic arch is…
Ventricular, and Atrioventricular Septal Defects
ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTALDEFECTS ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening of the atrial septum leading to a…
Arrhythmias
25 INTRODUCTION The prenatal diagnosis of cardiac rhythm abnormalities has been made possible with advancements in ultrasound imaging. M-mode ultrasound in addition to color and pulsed…
of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Connections
PULMONARY VENOUSCONNECTIONS INTRODUCTION Anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous connections can occur as isolated anomalies or as part of simple (atrial septal defect) or complex cardiac malformations…
