Ventricular Septal Defects
Key Echocardiographic Features • Location of defect on the ventricular septum. • Size of defect in relation to aortic annulus. • Direction of shunting across the defect. • Presence or…
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Key Echocardiographic Features • Presence or absence of great vessels crossing as they course just above the heart. • Relationship of the great vessels to each other as they arise…
Counseling and Support for the Family Carrying a Fetus with Cardiovascular Disease
The process of counseling families carrying a fetus with congenital heart disease (CHD) is perhaps one of the most difficult and challenging tasks professionals in the field of fetal medicine…
Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Key Echocardiographic Features • Position of the morphological right ventricle on the left, giving rise to the aorta, and the morphological left ventricle on the right, giving rise to the…
Malalignment of Conal Septum with Arch Obstruction
Key Echocardiographic Features • Position of the conal septum in relation to the ventricular septum and size of the ventricular septal defect created • Degree of posterior deviation of the…
Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia
Key Echocardiographic Features • Large malalignment type of ventricular septal defect. • Single semilunar valve, that of the aorta, arising from the heart. • No antegrade flow into the pulmonary…
Atrioventricular Canal Defects
Key Echocardiographic Features • Size of the atrial septal defect • Size of the ventricular septal defect (large = complete, small = transitional, none = incomplete) • Valve attachments to…
Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome
Key Echocardiographic Features • Large malalignment type of ventricular septal defect • Large overriding aorta • Rudimentary, primitive pulmonary valve tissue with both stenosis and severe insufficiency • Massively dilated,…
Tetralogy of Fallot
Key Echocardiographic Features • Identification of malalignment of the conal septum anteriorly into the right ventricular outflow tract • Pulmonary annulus size either equal to or smaller than the aortic…
Three- and Four-Dimensional Imaging in Fetal Echocardiography
Introduction Recent years have seen an ever-burgeoning literature based on three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) of the fetus. 3DUS of the fetal heart presented particular challenges, related to the difficulties of imaging…
