Urothelial lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The urothelium is the mucosa composed of transitional epithelium that lines the renal calyces and pelvis, ureters, bladder, and much of the urethra. Further anatomic and…
Urinary tract obstruction
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a commonly encountered clinical scenario that can affect all age groups. In the pediatric population, the underlying pathology is often congenital…
Lymphadenopathy
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Complex drainage system of lymphatic capillaries connected by ducts connected to central lymph node ‘stations’ following a similar course to the arterial system ( Figs. 21.1…
Splenomegaly/splenic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Embryology Splenogenesis initiates in the fifth week of embryological life. The dorsal mesogastrium anchors the stomach posteriorly; it is within the two leaves of this mesogastrium that…
Cystic renal masses
Anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology Anatomy ◼ The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. ◼ The concave medial surface is known as…
Urolithiasis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Renal calculi result from crystallization of supersaturated inorganic and organic compounds and proteins within renal tubular fluid, renal interstitial fluid, or in the urinary collecting system…
Cholecystitis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The gallbladder (GB) is a pear shaped musculomembranous structure, lying along the hepatic undersurface, functioning as a reservoir to accumulate bile (~30–50 mL). ◼ Embryologically, the…
Right lower quadrant pain
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right lower quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: cecum, ascending colon,…
Cystic pancreatic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ( fig. 14.1 ) ◼ Serous cystadenoma: inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) gene. ◼ Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs): closeness of left primordial gonad to the…
