Lymphadenopathy
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Complex drainage system of lymphatic capillaries connected by ducts connected to central lymph node ‘stations’ following a similar course to the arterial system ( Figs. 21.1…
Splenomegaly/splenic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Embryology Splenogenesis initiates in the fifth week of embryological life. The dorsal mesogastrium anchors the stomach posteriorly; it is within the two leaves of this mesogastrium that…
Cystic renal masses
Anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology Anatomy ◼ The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. ◼ The concave medial surface is known as…
Urolithiasis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Renal calculi result from crystallization of supersaturated inorganic and organic compounds and proteins within renal tubular fluid, renal interstitial fluid, or in the urinary collecting system…
Cholecystitis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The gallbladder (GB) is a pear shaped musculomembranous structure, lying along the hepatic undersurface, functioning as a reservoir to accumulate bile (~30–50 mL). ◼ Embryologically, the…
Right lower quadrant pain
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right lower quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: cecum, ascending colon,…
Cystic pancreatic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ( fig. 14.1 ) ◼ Serous cystadenoma: inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) gene. ◼ Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs): closeness of left primordial gonad to the…
Imaging of the cirrhotic liver
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Anatomy and embryology of the liver is presented in Chapter 15 . This chapter will continue with pathophysiology of cirrhosis. ◼ Cirrhosis is the final stage of…
Benign focal liver lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Lesions in the liver are often characterized based upon underlying histology. The most common benign lesions include simple cysts, hemangiomas, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), focal nodular hyperplasia…
