Pelvic floor disease
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The pelvic floor consists of the levator ani, the pelvic sphincters, and fascia that support the rectum, bladder and urethra, as well as the vagina, cervix,…
Endometrial/junctional zone thickening
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology The uterus is a hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive system with a shape and size similar to that of an upside-down pear in women of…
Adrenal gland enlargement and nodules
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The adrenal glands are multifunctioning, inverted Y-shaped, retroperitoneal endocrine glands normally located superior to the kidneys in the perirenal space ( Fig. 28.1 ). ◼ The…
Diffuse renal parenchymal disorders
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The renal parenchyma can be divided into an outer region called the cortex and an inner region called the medulla. ◼ Parenchymal abnormalities can be divided…
Solid renal lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Please see Chapter 23 for discussion. Techniques and protocols Please see Chapter 23 for discussion. Specific disease processes Benign solid lesions Oncocytoma ◼ An oncocyte is a…
Urothelial lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The urothelium is the mucosa composed of transitional epithelium that lines the renal calyces and pelvis, ureters, bladder, and much of the urethra. Further anatomic and…
Urinary tract obstruction
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a commonly encountered clinical scenario that can affect all age groups. In the pediatric population, the underlying pathology is often congenital…
Lymphadenopathy
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Complex drainage system of lymphatic capillaries connected by ducts connected to central lymph node ‘stations’ following a similar course to the arterial system ( Figs. 21.1…
Splenomegaly/splenic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Embryology Splenogenesis initiates in the fifth week of embryological life. The dorsal mesogastrium anchors the stomach posteriorly; it is within the two leaves of this mesogastrium that…
Cystic renal masses
Anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology Anatomy ◼ The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. ◼ The concave medial surface is known as…
