Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Ankle Joint
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Ankle Joint Anatomic Considerations The ankle joint, which is also known as the tibiotalar or tibiocrual joint, is a synovial hinge-type joint that allows…
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Subtalar Joint
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Subtalar Joint Anatomic Considerations The subtalar joint, (which is also known as the talocalcaneal joint) is a condyloid synovial plane-type articulation between the talus…
Lumbosacral Spine MRI
Introduction The lumbosacral spine consists on average of 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. An MRI scan of this area is used to accurately depict soft tissue in and…
Full-Length Spine—Clinical Correlations With Specific Phenotypes and Measurements With Classification Systems
Introduction Full-length radiographic spinal imaging is indicated in several clinical scenarios such as screening for congenital abnormalities of the spine, demyelinating processes affecting the spinal cord, scoliosis diagnoses, and trauma…
Lumbosacral Spine Plain Radiographs
Introduction The lumbosacral spine consists of five large vertebrae that make up the lumbar spine and five fused vertebrae that make up one single bone which articulate on each side…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for the Evaluation of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Introduction The advancement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made high-quality visualization of the normal and pathologic spine, as well as associated neural tissue, readily available. Relative to plain radiography…
Clinical Correlations to Specific Phenotypes and Measurements With Classification Systems
Introduction Classification systems provide a common language through which physicians and researchers can communicate. They can help create a framework for standardized treatment algorithms through which surgeons can directly and…
Subaxial Cervical Spine Plain Radiographs
Introduction The subaxial cervical spine refers to cervical vertebrae located below the “axis” (C2) and is a critical distinction due to inherent biomechanical differences from vertebral levels more cephalad and…
Lumbosacral CT
Lumbosacral Anatomy Osseous Anatomy The lumbosacral spine consists of five lumbar (L1–L5) and five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) and their associated intervertebral discs, nerves, muscles, ligaments, and blood vessels. Each vertebra…
Subaxial Cervical Spine CT
Introduction Computed tomography (CT) scans have become the mainstay modality for screening patients in the setting of cervical trauma and identifying fractures in the subaxial cervical spine. High-resolution CT imaging,…
