CORRECTED TRANSPOSITIONOF THE GREAT ARTERIES COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a…
CONGENITAL HEARTDEFECTS 2 INTRODUCTION The fetal heart undergoes complex developmental changes in the first few weeks of gestation and is anatomically fully developed by the eighth week…
DOUBLE AORTICARCH, AND ABERRANTSUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INTRODUCTION It is generally acknowledged that anomalies of aortic arch branching are best understood when basic embryology of the aortic arch is…
ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTALDEFECTS ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an opening of the atrial septum leading to a…
25 INTRODUCTION The prenatal diagnosis of cardiac rhythm abnormalities has been made possible with advancements in ultrasound imaging. M-mode ultrasound in addition to color and pulsed…
PULMONARY VENOUSCONNECTIONS INTRODUCTION Anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous connections can occur as isolated anomalies or as part of simple (atrial septal defect) or complex cardiac malformations…
AND FETAL HEARTTUMORS 24 DILATED AND HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the myocardium affecting the left, the right, or both ventricles and are commonly associated with…
IN FETALECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 7 INTRODUCTION Color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound was introduced to clinical practice about two decades ago and its clinical application in fetal echocardiography was quickly…
THE PULMONARY ARTERY The pulmonary artery (main pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk) arises from the right ventricle in the anterior aspect of the heart. It crosses over…
ISOMERISM, RIGHT ATRIALISOMERISM, AND SITUS INVERSUS 22 FETAL HETEROTAXY WITH LEFT ATRIAL ISOMERISM AND RIGHT ATRIAL ISOMERISM Definition, Terminology, and Incidence The embryologic development of abdominal…
