Imaging Endoscopy Plain abdominal films Flexible proctosigmoidoscopy Computed tomography (CT) Colonoscopy Positron emission computerized tomography (PET-CT) Endoscopic transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Imaging Plain abdominal films can…
No invasion Inner third Middle third Outer third Grade 1 0/55 5/61 (8 %) (2P, 1V) 0/4 Grade 2 0/17 2/41 (5 %) 1/7 (14 %) (1V) 1/2 (50 %) (1V) Grade 3…
Grade 0 1 2 3 4 Early Symptom complex No change Frequency of urination or nocturia twice pretreatment habit/dysuria, urgency not requiring medication Frequency of urination or nocturia that…
Fig. 7.1 a and b Cystoscopic view of radiation cystitis Normal bladder urothelium consists of several layers of polyhedral (transitional) cells divided into three main layers from surface to base:…
Fig. 2.1 RT fields for a stage I seminoma Fig. 2.2 a Initial RT fields for a stage IIA seminoma. Enlarged PA node in yellow-green. b Boost field for stage…
Hot flashes Vaginal dryness Night sweats Overactive bladder Mood swings Skin changes Headache Hair loss Insomnia Irritability Lack of concentration Weight gain Poor memory Lack of libido Joint pains Depression…
Fig. 10.1 Mechanisms involved in the complex physiopathology of anal incontinence secondary to pelvic irradiation Radiation Proctopathy Acute radiation proctopathy develops during or shortly after a course of radiation therapy….
Fig. 4.1 Representative axial slices showing isodose distributions for two planes for an (a, c) IMRT and (b, d) 3D-CRT plan. The central (high dose) isodose line is more conformal…
Mechanism Explanation Clinical example Comments Spatial cooperation Working on different anatomical regions of the body to improve outcome without additive toxicity RT in SCLC Chemotherapy does not cross blood brain…
Fig. 10.1 PNEN macroscopic appearance. Intraoperative and surgical speciments of four nonfunctional PNENs show (a) a small mass bulging on the serosal surface (arrows), (b) a small, round, purple mass…
