Radial Femoral Access site bleeding 0–0.6 % 3–4 % Artery complications Rare local irritation, pulse loss 3–9 %, forearm hematoma Pseudoaneurysm Patient discomfort Significantly reduced Increased Ambulation Immediate 2–4…

Fig. 8.1 Ultrasound waves are generated perpendicular to the IVUS catheter (Courtesy of Boston Scientific) There are currently two different types of IVUS catheter designs; solid state and rotational and…

Fig. 9.1 OCT ILUMIEN PCI Optimization System (Courtesy of St. Jude Medical) Fig. 9.2 OCT Grey scale, inverted grey scale, Sepia, colored scale (a), L-display (b), 3D display (c), and…

Fig. 2.1 Still frame of an angiogram showing a left anterior descending artery and its septal branches. (a) Flow is seen in the septal branches which course through the myocardium…

Fig. 12.1 Acute chest pain initial testing algorithm based upon pre-test probability of CAD Several studies have been published over the past 40 years correlating stress testing to ICA. The…

Where Q=flow, μ = blood viscosity, L= length stenosis, and Aa= cross-sectional area. Moreover, as blood flow converges towards a stenosis a trans-lesion pressure gradient is formed as denoted in…

Catheter Ultrasound method Catheter size (F) Frequency range (MHz) Depth of field (cm) Steerability Doppler/color ViewFlex PLUSa Phased-array 9 4.5–8.5 Up to 21 Anterior/posterior, 120° Yes AcuNav# Phased-array 8 or…

Fig. 10.1 Patterns of coronary calcification by IVUS. Calcification is defined as superficial (a) or deep (b) when the leading edge of the attenuated signal is within the shallowest or…