Jose Luiz Orlando • Francisco Ramos • Bruno C. Odisio Peripheral vascular malformations arise as a result of a focal vascular differentiation embryologic failure leading to an abnormal development of…

Michael Bret Anderson Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined by intraluminal bleeding distal to the ligament of Treitz (the suspensory ligament of the duodenum composed of a band of smooth…

Daniel C. Brown • Constantino S. Peña • James F. Benenati BACKGROUND Visceral abdominal aneurysms (VAAs) are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all arterial aneurysms, but can be…

Luke R. Wilkins • Wael E. Saad Gastric and esophageal varices can have multiple etiologies. Most (90%) patients have underlying cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This patient population has a 30%…

Omid Kohannim  •  Justin McWilliams BACKGROUND Epidemiology and Risk Factors Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1,000 mL after a cesarean section, has an…

Yasuaki Arai Ardis first described the synthesis of cyanoacrylates in 1949,1 and since that time, its use for applications such as wound closure, skin grafts, and organ anastomoses has been…

Theresa M. Caridi  •  Richard Shlansky-Goldberg BACKGROUND In the United States in 2010, 83,745 womesn were diagnosed and 28,770 died from a gynecologic cancer.1 These include cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar…

Carlos Abath • Romero Marques • Marcos Barbosa de Souza Júnior Primary renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) are relatively rare, contributing to 1% of all aneurysms and 15% to 22% of…

Francisco Cesar Carnevale • Airton Mota Moreira BACKGROUND Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) typically occurs at the beginning of the sixth decade, with more than 40% of…

David Li • Richard H. Marshall • David C. Madoff The hepatitis C epidemic in the United States has contributed to a dramatic rise of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with HCC…