Postural Changes and Activation Tests
Fig. 3.1 J2 IJV segment in transverse scanning plane. Sometimes there is a huge variation between IJV expiratory CSA (figure above) and inspiratory CSA (figure below) during normal breath. See the…
NEUROLOGICAL IMAGING
Ultrasound Machine: The Significance of Venous Preset
Fig. 1.1 IJV in longitudinal scanning plane. The B-mode has no steering, and the color box has a variable degree and direction of steering. Therefore, there is a different visualization of…
Global Hemodynamic Evaluation and Outflow Variability
Fig. 8.1 Example of cerebral venous outflow measurement in supine position on the right side. a J3 IJV Doppler sampling and TAV measurement. b J3 IJV CSA measurement and automatic blood…
Ultrasound Machine: The Significance of Venous Preset
Fig. 5.1 a–c The picture shows an example of the effect of decreasing PRF in the ultrasound preset for venous study in power mode. TCCS from the temporal bone window in…
Axonal Protection with Sodium Channel Blocking Agents in Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 8.1 Sodium channel blocking agents improve neurological status of rodents with EAE. (a, b) Clinical scores (mean ± SEM) are shown for untreated C57/Bl6 mice with progressive EAE (inverted…
Exogenous Cell Myelin Repair and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 5.1 Transplantation of oligosphere cells into md rats. Before transplantation, the oligosphere cells were transduced with retrovirus to express β-gal (a). Between 10 and 14 days after transplantation, a…
Imaging of Demyelination and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 10.1 MRI (left), MWF (middle) and Luxol fast blue myelin stain of post-mortem tissue (right) (figure from Laule et al. 2006) The number of myelin water imaging studies of…
A Peripheral Alternative to Central Nervous System Myelin Repair
Fig. 6.1 Schematic representation of the different strategies developed to enhance SC migratory potential in the CNS. Different approaches improved SC remyelination capacity whether directly by modifying SC properties, decreasing…
Development of Oligodendrocytes in the Vertebrate CNS
Fig. 1.1 In cell cultures, oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) develop through a series of stages that can be identified by cell-type-specific markers. (a) Immature oligodendrocyte precursors are largely bipolar cells that…
Designing Clinical Trials to Test Neuroprotective Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis
Scale Description Reference (A) Physician measured Disease specific Expanded (Kurtzke) Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 20-Step ordinal scale. Benchmark position despite poor metric properties Hobart et al. (2000) Multiple Sclerosis Functional…
