Abstract Doppler ultrasound can be used to assess vascular beds in the maternal, fetal, and placental circulation. The vessels most frequently evaluated in clinical practice are the uterine, umbilical and…

Abstract Cystic fibrosis is a single-gene autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic airway infection, pancreatic insufficiency, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and male infertility. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the…

Abstract Zika virus is a novel mosquito-born virus that causes a broad range of fetal neurologic damage when maternal infection occurs in pregnancy. The effects can be similar to other…

Abstract This chapter reviews basic physics principles behind medical ultrasound (US). Six components are discussed: the stimulus (the US pulse), the object (the human body), the object’s response to the…

Abstract Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a serious condition that complicates roughly 8% to 15% of monochorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancies. Although the pathophysiology of TTTS remains incompletely understood, intertwin vascular…

Abstract Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that has the potential for transplacental transmission in susceptible mothers. Congenital infection has been associated with severe fetal anemia, myocarditis,…

Abstract Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare complication specific to monochorionic twin pregnancies in which a dysmorphic acardiac fetus receives circulatory support from a pump twin via…

Abstract The term dichorionic refers to a multiple gestation with two distinct placental disks (or two chorions); the term diamniotic describes a pregnancy with two distinct amniotic cavities. Either monozygotic…

Abstract Tuberous sclerosis is a disorder of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration in early development characterized by the formation of benign, harmartomatous lesions in virtually any organ system. Tuberous sclerosis…