Cervical Pathology Enlarged cervical LNs ( Fig. 70.1a ) appear conspicuously as isolated nodular masses (6) that cannot be followed into adjacent levels (see p. 15). Large lymphomas (7) or…

Cervical CT Whenever there is no contraindication, CT examinations of the neck are carried out after i.v. administration of CM. Malignant and inflammatory processes can be depicted more accurately with…

Cranial Pathology After having discussed that partial volume effects due to asymmetric projections (i.e., 55b in Fig. 54.2b ) may be misinterpreted as acute hematomas, this chapter will point out…

Physical and Technical Fundamentals General Principles of CT Computed tomography is a special type of x-ray procedure that involves the indirect measurement of the weakening, or attenua-tion, of x-rays at…

Basic Rules of Reading CT Examinations Anatomic Orientation An image on the display is not only a 2D representation of anatomy, it contains information about the mean attenuation of tissue…

Administration of Contrast Agents Contrast-Enhanced CT-Scans and Contrast Media To achieve high-image quality for diagnostic approaches, radiologists perform most CT-examinations as contrast-enhanced scans. Only a minority of CT-exams (e.g., stone…

Cranial CT Many cranial CT (CCT) examinations can be performed without injection of contrast medium: For instance, the differential diagnosis (DD) of cerebral bleeding versus infarction in patient with sudden…

Preparing the Patient Medical History Following a period of fasting (the day of the examination), and prior to any CT examination, a thorough medical history needs to be obtained which…