Modality Pro Con Relative expense Radiography Universally available Small radiation dose $ Fluoroscopy Physiologic, dynamic visualization of anatomy Higher radiation dose $$ Ultrasound No radiation, dynamic visualization of anatomy Operator…
Fig. 16.1 Normal infant adrenal gland – US. Longitudinal ultrasound image of the right adrenal gland (a) and transverse ultrasound image of the left adrenal gland (b) in a 2-month-old…
Fig. 2.1 (a) An example of an A-mode scan. The received echo amplitude is plotted against time of transmission which is proportional to the depth. (b) In B-mode, the received…
Fig. 18.1 A 2 ½-year-old with a history of “megaureter” being followed for upper tract dilation. There is significant progression of left-sided dilation between September 30, 2008 (top), and February…
Fig. 12.1 Acute pyelonephritis in the upper pole of the left kidney of a 5-week-old male with urosepsis. (a) Longitudinal sonogram shows hyperechoic left upper pole with loss of corticomedullary…
Estimation of renal plasma flow (GFR/global renal function) Evaluation of renal cortical lesions (pyelonephritis, scarring) Estimation of differential renal function (DRF) Evaluation of urinary drainage, diagnosis of renal obstruction Evaluation…
Fig. 10.1 Optimal evaluation by ultrasound requires identification of the calyceal system, renal pelvis (a), the ureteropelvic junction, and as much of the upper ureter as possible (b). Transverse images…
Fig. 15.1 (a) Normal male VCUG. A prostatic urethra; B membranous urethra; C pendulous urethra; D penile urethra. (b) Normal female urethra on VCUG. (c) Normal male RUG The male…
This is proportional to absorbed radiation dose independent of scan length. CTDIvolume (CTDIvol) is the dose variation in the Z plane related to spatial distance between adjacent scans and table…
Fig. 7.1 Ionizing energy transmission associated with radiation particles (Adapted from “A Small Dose of Toxicology”, with permission) Beta particles, in contrast, are high-energy, high-speed positrons or electrons that emit…
