Urolithiasis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Renal calculi result from crystallization of supersaturated inorganic and organic compounds and proteins within renal tubular fluid, renal interstitial fluid, or in the urinary collecting system…
Cholecystitis
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The gallbladder (GB) is a pear shaped musculomembranous structure, lying along the hepatic undersurface, functioning as a reservoir to accumulate bile (~30–50 mL). ◼ Embryologically, the…
Right lower quadrant pain
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right lower quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: cecum, ascending colon,…
Cystic pancreatic lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ( fig. 14.1 ) ◼ Serous cystadenoma: inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) gene. ◼ Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs): closeness of left primordial gonad to the…
Imaging of the cirrhotic liver
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Anatomy and embryology of the liver is presented in Chapter 15 . This chapter will continue with pathophysiology of cirrhosis. ◼ Cirrhosis is the final stage of…
Benign focal liver lesions
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Lesions in the liver are often characterized based upon underlying histology. The most common benign lesions include simple cysts, hemangiomas, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), focal nodular hyperplasia…
Solid pancreatic masses
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Adenocarcinoma: inactivation of multiple antioncogenes, as well as issues with deoxyribonucleic acid mismatch repair ( BRCA2 ). Smoking, diet high in meat and solvent exposure are…
Chronic liver disease
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm. It is mostly covered by ribs but the lower portion of…
Right upper quadrant pain
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ There are three major anatomic regions that may contribute to right upper quadrant pain. Organ systems with differential diagnoses include: ◼ Gastrointestinal system: liver, biliary, pancreas,…
