Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the cervical and intracranial arteries leads to ischemic stroke through two separate, but interrelated, mechanisms: local thrombosis or embolism from atherosclerotic plaque, and hemodynamic failure (low…
Atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation is the primary cause of ischemic strokes and the degree of carotid stenosis is strongly associated with stroke risk in symptomatic patients. Stroke is…
Biologic connectionism holds as its central tenet that the cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions of the brain are derived from the complex interconnections of simple neural processing units. Much can…
The rapid evolution of brain imaging techniques has increasingly offered more detailed diagnostic and prognostic information about neurologic and psychiatric disorders and the structural and functional brain changes that may…
Animal models of abuse and dependence have long suggested that chronic drug and alcohol exposure is associated with marked changes in neurochemistry. The development of PET and SPECT imaging now…
The rapid evolution of brain imaging techniques has increasingly offered more detailed diagnostic and prognostic information about neurologic and psychiatric disorders and the structural and functional brain changes that may…
Pain is the unpleasant sensory experience following tissue damage or the threat of damage. The activation of cortical regions during noxious stimulation is believed a result of the negative affect…
Despite the prevalence of the mood disorders, the underlying neuropathology is still poorly understood. This article describes abnormalities in brain activation that have been reported in neuroimaging studies of patients…
Structural imaging studies of autism have documented increased total brain volume and early acceleration in brain growth. Functional MR imaging (fMRI) studies in autism have also led to the view…
Traumatic stress has a broad range of effects on the brain. Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Studies in patients…
