Extrapyramidal syndromes (ES) belong to the most common neurologic illnesses. Because new and promising therapeutic options are currently under development, there is a substantial demand for molecular imaging procedures with…
Classification of diseases aids understanding and activity by creating an overview. No single classification can serve all purposes, and it is helpful to be aware of the range of methods…
Percutaneous lumbar discectomy is a proven alternative to the more invasive open discectomy used to treat patients who experience discogenic pain. Estimated to cost the United States health care system…
Fusion techniques are considered the gold standard for treatment of lumbar spinal instability, although there are many shortcomings and disadvantages. In the past two decades the concept of dynamic stabilization…
Pain that develops in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine is typically initiated from a clinical condition called spondylosis. Radiofrequency ablation is a key element in the treatment protocol…
Spinal cord stimulation has been used successfully for more than 40 years. The application of an electrical impulse field on to the spinal cord is used with a battery generator…
As image-guided (nonvascular) spine interventions have become progressively more common in the interventional radiologic community, there is a growing need for physician expertise regarding the materials and pharmaceuticals that are…
Pain from sacral insufficiency fractures or metastatic tumor to the sacrum, refractory to radiation and/or chemotherapy, can be extremely debilitating to affected patients. Conservative medical therapy with rest, limited ambulation,…
Synovial cysts have long been known to create radicular pain in the spine, with the clinical effect mimicking a disk herniation. These cysts have traditionally been treated with open surgical…
Epidural steroid injections have been used for decades as part of a rehabilitation program to relieve back or neck pain and the associated radicular nerve component that often accompanies these…
