Radiology Key

GA ≥ 2 weeks more advanced sonographically than by clinical estimate (AFP levels rise 15% per week during 16–18-week window) C.  MULTIPLE GESTATIONS (14%) D.  FETAL DEMISE (7%) / fetal distress /…

UROGENITAL EMBRYOLOGY Pronephros = forekidney develops from mesoderm during 3rd week of gestation; involutes during 4th week of gestation → vestigial remnant / complete absence Mesonephros = midkidney develops during…

TP  =  test positive in diseased subjects FP  =  test positive in nondiseased subjects FN  =  test negative in diseased subjects TN  =  test negative in nondiseased subjects T+   =  abnormal test results T-    =  normal test results D+   =  diseased subjects D-   =  nondiseased subjects…

Carotid Duplex Ultrasound Indications for carotid duplex US: (1)  Screening for suspected extracranial carotid disease (a)  high-grade flow-limiting stenosis (b)  low-grade stenosis with hemorrhage (2)  Nonhemispheric neurologic symptomatology (3)  History of transient ischemic attack /…

SEDATION =  administration of medication to calm the nervous system: ⇓ awareness; ⇓ responsiveness to external stimuli; ⇓ anxiety; ⇓ spontaneous movements; may produce amnesia Phases of sedation protocol:   1. Preprocedural assessment…

3.   Recipients of contaminated blood products (3%) 4.   Sexual partner of drug abuser + bisexual man 5.   Infants born to a woman infected with HIV virus ◊  HIV antibodies present in > 50% of…

◊  >90% of nipples contain 5–9 ductal orifices (b)  multiple other blind-ending orifices: connected to sebaceous glands of 1–4 cm in length √  bilateral symmetric enhancement pattern of normal nipple: √  1–2 mm superficial…

Orbital Spaces  globe: subdivided into anterior + posterior segments by lens optic nerve-sheath complex: optic nerve surrounded by meningeal sheath as extension from cerebral meninges  intraconal space: orbital fat, ophthalmic…

bilateral renal agenesis / dysplasia / infantile polycystic kidney disease, congenital nephrotic syndrome, congenital nephritis, perinatal hypoxia Frequency:   ATN + prerenal disease account for 75% of acute renal failure; 5–7% of…

Axis Anomalies 1.   Persistent ossiculum terminale = Bergman ossicle √  unfused odontoid process > 12 years of age DDx:   type 1 odontoid fracture 2.   Odontoid aplasia (extremely rare) 3.   Os odontoideum =  independent os cephalad to…