Fig. 9.1 PFC-in-water, PFC-in-oil-in-water and oil-in-PFC-in-water emulsions under the microscope PFC liquids are known for their use in medicine due to their biocompatibility and inertness (Biro et al. 1987). PFC…
particle velocity v and acoustic pressure P is: (21.1) The intensity is proportional to the square of the acoustic pressure: (21.2)where |p r |2 is the absolute acoustic peak rarefractional…
Fig. 19.1 Microbubble tunneling though a fibrin clot (fluid-clot boundary at left) caused by acoustic radiation force (1 MHz, 0.4 MPa). The blurred, dark line is a motion artifact from…
Fig. 7.1 Schematic of a typical shock wave pulse used in SWL. High pressure, which exceeds 40 MPa, is followed by a long tail of negative pressure. The repeated positive…
Fig. 13.1 Schematic representation of the EPR effect. Nanoparticles cannot cross tight junctions in normal tissues, but extravasate into tumor tissue through large inter-endothelial gaps in the defective tumor microvasculature…
Fig. 12.1 Ultrasound-assisted opening of blood-brain barrier in a rat model. One megahertz focused ultrasound (IGT, 1 Hz, 20 ms pulses, 1–2 min) treatment of rat brain following intravenous administration…
Fig. 14.1 Immunotherapy and vaccination Among the delivery methods tested, the combination of high frequency ultrasound (1–10 MHz) and gas bubbles (e.g., microbubble, nanobubble, liposomal bubble) was introduced as a…
Fig. 10.1 Pictographic essay of sonoporation for drug and gene delivery (Adapted from Servier Medical Art, www.servier.fr) The first experiments on sonoporation date back to the 1980s, where various ultrasound…
Fig. 15.1 Schematic summary of the transvascular-interstitial-transmembrane pathway in USMB-mediated drug delivery. (a) Potential mechanisms responsible for the passage across the vessels include creation of temporary gaps between vascular endothelial…
Fig. 20.1 Ultrasound cavitation 20.2.3 Ultrasound Sonochemistry Ultrasound has been used to invent novel chemical reactions and to enhance the reaction rate. This is called sonochemistry. Ultrasonic cavitation converts acoustics…
