Tetralogy of Fallot
Key Echocardiographic Features • Identification of malalignment of the conal septum anteriorly into the right ventricular outflow tract • Pulmonary annulus size either equal to or smaller than the aortic…
Three- and Four-Dimensional Imaging in Fetal Echocardiography
Introduction Recent years have seen an ever-burgeoning literature based on three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) of the fetus. 3DUS of the fetal heart presented particular challenges, related to the difficulties of imaging…
Atrial Septal Defects
Key Echocardiographic Features • Location of defect on the atrial septum • Relationship of the defect to the superior and inferior vena cava (sinus venosus type of atrial septal defect)…
Prenatal Practice Care Model and Delivery of the Fetus with Cardiovascular Disease
Practice care models for the fetus with cardiovascular disease are varied, evolving, and continuously improving. Diagnostic capacities are increasing through the use of targeted ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Fetal cardiovascular…
Embryology of the Cardiovascular System
Congenital heart disease (CHD) can broadly be thought of as what happens when normal heart development goes awry. Although the range of defects may seem endless, there are limitations. Pathologists,…
The Fetal Circulation
Introduction We begin our examination of the normal fetal circulation with a description of the anatomical pathways involved ( Figure 1-1 ). Figure 1-1 The fetal circulation demonstrating flow pathways…
The Postoperative Breast
Do you see the branch that has been cut out on the left side of the tree in the picture? If the branch had been removed due to disease, where…
Breast Needle Biopsy: Tips for Challenging Cases
Aha! You’ve identified a suspicious lesion at diagnostic evaluation and now it needs a biopsy. You’re pretty sure you can see it on ultrasonography (US), so maybe you’ll do the…
Evaluating Women with Implants
She had breast implants years ago and now she’s nervous: I wonder if that lump that my doctor feels is related to my implant or if it’s something more serious….
Imaging the Patient with Breast Cancer
Do you have trees in your yard? If you see a diseased area on a branch of a dogwood tree, you will likely also look up and down that branch…
