ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: BASICAND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION The introduction of three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D ultrasound or volume sonography) to obstetric imaging provided an advance in imaging technology. Unlike conventional two-dimensional…
19 DOUBLE OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a heterogeneous group of cardiac anomalies where…
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DOPPLER PRINCIPLES The concept of color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography is derived from the Doppler effect, which is based on the apparent variation in frequency of…
AORTA AND INTERRUPTEDAORTIC ARCH COARCTATION OF THE AORTA Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Coarctation of the aorta involves narrowing of the aortic arch, typically located…
18 COMMON ARTERIAL TRUNK Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Common arterial trunk (CAT), also referred to as persistent truncus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus communis, and…
VALVE DYSPLASIA, ANDTRICUSPID REGURGITATION 14 EBSTEIN ANOMALY Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence In the normal heart the tricuspid valve inserts more apically on the interventricular…
PULMONARY ATRESIA, ANDDUCTUS ARTERIOSUSCONSTRICTION PULMONARY STENOSIS Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Pulmonary stenosis is defined as obstruction to right ventricular outflow due to pulmonary valve…
ATRIOVENTRICULARCONNECTION, DOUBLE INLETVENTRICLE, AND TRICUSPIDATRESIA WITHVENTRICULAR SEPTALDEFECT 16 UNIVENTRICULAR ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONNECTION Univentricular atrioventricular connection describes a group of cardiac malformations where the atrioventricular connection is completely or…
CORRECTED TRANSPOSITIONOF THE GREAT ARTERIES COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES Definition, Spectrum of Disease, and Incidence Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a…
CONGENITAL HEARTDEFECTS 2 INTRODUCTION The fetal heart undergoes complex developmental changes in the first few weeks of gestation and is anatomically fully developed by the eighth week…
