Interstitial Patterns
Many diseases involve predominantly or exclusively the pulmonary interstitium. The differential diagnosis of the various entities on the chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) is based on the pattern and…
GENERAL RADIOLOGY
Nodules and Masses
Solitary Lung Nodule or Mass A pulmonary nodule is defined as any pulmonary lesion that is well-defined, discrete, approximately circular, and 3 cm or less in diameter. The term mass is…
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is defined as less than normal inflation of all or part of the lung with a corresponding diminution in lung volume. Although the term collapse is often used synonymously…
Consolidation
Airspace consolidation is defined as replacement of gas within the airspaces by fluid, protein, cells, or other material. Consolidation is characterized on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) by the presence…
Lung and Pleura
Anatomy 4.1.1 Pleura and Interlobar Fissures The outer surfaces of both lungs are covered by visceral pleura, which also surrounds the lobes and is reflected into the interlobar fissures, where it…
Large Vessels
Aorta 3.1.1 Anatomy The aorta is the largest arterial vessel in the body. It is divided into several anatomical segments, each of which is subject to specific diseases. The frequency of…
Kidney and Urinary Tract
Imaging Ultrasound Ultrasound imaging is widely used for examining the kidneys and urinary tract, especially in the emergency work-up of hydronephrosis (▶ Fig. 11.1) and its prevention. The advent of…
Heart and Pericardium
Anatomy Cardiac Borders During embryogenesis, the heart initially forms as a symmetrical midline organ in the chest and subsequently undergoes a rotation in which the cardiac apex is slightly raised…
Gastrointestinal Tract
Anatomy 8.1.1 Position and Divisions All portions of the gastrointestinal tract—the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum—have the same general wall structure, which is adapted somewhat for specific regions….
