Pathology of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Imaging of the vestibulocochlear nerve has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. The imaging specialist now is involved in the diagnosis of far more diagnostic entities than ever before….
Horner’s Syndrome: Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation
Horner’s syndrome (HS) occurs when there is interruption of the oculosympathetic pathway (OSP). This article reviews the anatomy of the OSP and clinical findings associated with lesions located at various…
Pathologic Conditions of the Lower Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
The glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal cranial nerves can be affected by an acute or chronic process that has an impact on the way the patient presents clinically. Knowledge…
Pathology of the Facial Nerve
A good examination in facial nerve imaging (CT or MR imaging) depends on a good knowledge of anatomy. Two clinical situations must be considered: imaging of patients with or without…
Pathology of the Trigeminal Nerve
Imaging of the trigeminal nerve requires a thorough understanding of its anatomy and function, clinical symptoms related to malfunction, and its key pathologies. Because of the nerve’s long course from…
Pathology of the Ocular Motor Nerves III, IV, and VI
The ocular motor nerves supply motor fibers to the extraocular muscles of the globe and levator muscle of the eyelid and parasympathetic pupillomotor fibers to the ciliary ganglion. Lesions are…
Pathology of the Olfactory Nerve
The olfactory system and especially the olfactory bulb (OB) as the first relay in the olfactory system represent highly plastic structures. For example, OB volume partly reflects the degree of…
Pathology of the Optic Nerve
This article focuses on pathologic processes affecting the optic nerve, optic nerve/sheath complex, and chiasm. Pathology of the visual pathways posterior to the chiasm is beyond the scope of this article…
Arterial Vascularization of the Cranial Nerves
We discuss the arterial supply of the cranial nerves from their exit out of the brain stem to their exit from the skull base. Four distinct groups can be differentiated…
Perineural Tumor Spread
Perineural spread (PNS) refers to the extent of tumor cells or other nonneoplastic lesions along the tissues of the nerve sheath, its overall incidence ranges from 2.5% to 5%. PNS…
