Abnormalities of the Calcaneofibular Ligament Anatomic Considerations The ankle is a hinge-type articulation between the distal tibia, the two malleoli, and the talus (Fig. 6.1). The articular surface is covered…
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Talonavicular Joint Anatomic Considerations The talonavicular joint, which together with the calcaneonavicular joint make up Chopart’s joint, which represents the posterior border of the…
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Ankle Joint Anatomic Considerations The ankle joint, which is also known as the tibiotalar or tibiocrual joint, is a synovial hinge-type joint that allows…
Arthritis and Other Abnormalities of the Subtalar Joint Anatomic Considerations The subtalar joint, (which is also known as the talocalcaneal joint) is a condyloid synovial plane-type articulation between the talus…
Introduction The lumbosacral spine consists on average of 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. An MRI scan of this area is used to accurately depict soft tissue in and…
Introduction Full-length radiographic spinal imaging is indicated in several clinical scenarios such as screening for congenital abnormalities of the spine, demyelinating processes affecting the spinal cord, scoliosis diagnoses, and trauma…
Introduction The lumbosacral spine consists of five large vertebrae that make up the lumbar spine and five fused vertebrae that make up one single bone which articulate on each side…
Introduction The advancement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made high-quality visualization of the normal and pathologic spine, as well as associated neural tissue, readily available. Relative to plain radiography…
Introduction Classification systems provide a common language through which physicians and researchers can communicate. They can help create a framework for standardized treatment algorithms through which surgeons can directly and…
Introduction The subaxial cervical spine refers to cervical vertebrae located below the “axis” (C2) and is a critical distinction due to inherent biomechanical differences from vertebral levels more cephalad and…
