Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Introduction Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging uses the 1 H nucleus in water (H 2 O) and fat (CH 2 and CH 3 groups) molecules as its only signal source,…
Special Considerations for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Safety, Electrocardiographic Setup, Monitoring, and Contraindications
During the last three decades, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has developed into an important diagnostic clinical tool in cardiology. Not only the anatomy of the heart but also its function,…
Use of Navigator Echoes in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Factors Affecting Their Implementation
Respiration has been shown to be an important factor influencing the quality of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images. In addition to cardiac motion, which can be addressed reasonably well by…
Blood Flow Velocity Assessment
The idea of mapping measurements of blood flow onto a magnetic resonance (MR) image was first discussed in an article by Singer in 1978. The methods that followed could generally…
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Theory
Introduction The concept of injecting a tracer into the blood stream and detecting its transit and distribution in the heart muscle for the assessment of myocardial perfusion is well established…
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents
Although currently not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cardiac imaging, the vast majority of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies use a gadolinium-based contrast agent. The…
Basic Principles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Introduction This introduction to the basic principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) describes the concepts of magnetization, T1, T2, T2*, and image formation, and describes some common CMR pulse sequences…
Techniques for T1, T2, and Extracellular Volume Mapping
Many disease processes alter the local molecular environment of the myocardium, and consequently the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times can change. While such changes may be observed directly…
Nuclear Medicine: Fundamentals
Nuclear Medicine: Fundamentals Bruce Mahoney, MD Vineeth Yeluru, MBBS LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Define the terms radioactivity, radionuclide, and radiopharmaceutical. 2. Explain the structural difference between radioisotopes and stable isotopes. 3….
Nuclear Medicine: Radiation Detection and Nuclear Imaging
Nuclear Medicine: Radiation Detection and Nuclear Imaging Jennifer L. Scheler, MD Nabeel Porbandarwala, MD LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. List the components of a gas-filled detector. 2. Describe each region of the…
