Endogenous Remyelination in the CNS
Fig. 4.1 (a) Electron micrograph of myelinated axons and axons that have been remyelinated following ethidium bromide injection into the adult rat caudal cerebellar peduncle. The myelinated axons have clearly…
NEUROLOGICAL IMAGING
Effects of Current Medical Therapies on Reparative and Neuroprotective Functions in Multiple Sclerosis
Indirect effects Active (consequences of molecular changes in immune cells exposed to systemic therapy) Passive (deletion of immune cells or blocking CNS access) Molecules expressed by modulated immune cells could…
Immune Modulation and Repair Following Neural Stem Cell Transplantation
Fig. 7.1 There are multiple considerations when designing the clinical translation of cell therapy. These include choosing the relevant therapeutic target(s) for the candidate disease, choosing the proper cellular platform,…
Microglial Function in MS Pathology
Fig. 3.1 At rest, microglia display a ramified morphology with a thin rod-like cell body. Upon activation, microglia transition to an intermediate hyper-ramified morphology, followed by an activated morphology with…
Measuring the Relationship of Quality of Life and Health Status: Including Tumor Burden, Symptoms, and Biochemical Measures in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors
Fig. 14.1 Distribution and frequency of NETs It is clear that both patients and practitioners need a heightened awareness of the symptoms of the condition that can often masquerade as other…
Overcoming Resistance to Targeted Therapies: The Next Challenge in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs) Treatment
Fig. 12.1 Tijeras-Raballand—overview of the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to antiangiogenic agents Primary resistance may be due to the fact that some tumors produce redundant pro-angiogenic factors besides VEGF…
Clinical Approaches of Emergencies in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Clinical features Frequency % Mediators Flushing 85–90 Kallikreine, histamine, 5-HT, prostaglandins, substance P • Pink/red/purple • Face, neck, upper chest • Limited duration Diarrhea 70 Gastrin, 5-HT, prostaglandins, histamine, vasoactive intestinal…
Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Challenges in Response Evaluation for Targeted Therapies
Fig. 11.1 Representative MR imaging aspects of liver metastases of well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Lesions present with a hyperintensity on T2-weighted images (a) and hypointensity on fat-saturated T1-weighted images (b). After…
Scintigraphy in Endocrine Tumors of the Gut
Fig. 1.1 Patient with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: Octreoscan® SPECT-CT showed liver metastases Despite greater sensitivity, limitations of Octreoscan® scintigraphy should be noted. The methodology clearly influenced the sensitivity of the examination….
Liver-Directed Therapies in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Fig. 7.1 45-year-old man with small bowel neuroendocrine tumor, with left hepatectomy for liver metastasis. a Axial CT scan (arterial phase) shows new metastatic liver lesion in the remnant right liver….
