Approximately 20% to 40% of patients who have cerebral vascular disease have a vertebral artery–origin stenosis. Atherosclerotic lesions of vertebral arety origin are a potential cause of posterior circulation ischemia,…
Atherosclerotic disease of the major intracranial arteries is a frequent cause of stroke. In addition, many patients who have symptomatic intracranial stenosis are at very high risk for recurrent stroke….
Dilation of stenoses of the major intracranial arteries is now technically possible in many cases. Using proper precautions, most procedures can be performed without complications today, but the safety margin…
Stroke is the third-leading cause of death in the United States. It occurs in almost 700,000 people per year and cost an estimated $57.9 billion in 2006. Atherosclerotic disease is…
Cognitive impairment from a major stroke as a consequence of carotid disease is an acknowledged clinical outcome; however, cognitive impairment without major stroke is open to discussion. The three recognized…
Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the cervical and intracranial arteries leads to ischemic stroke through two separate, but interrelated, mechanisms: local thrombosis or embolism from atherosclerotic plaque, and hemodynamic failure (low…
Atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation is the primary cause of ischemic strokes and the degree of carotid stenosis is strongly associated with stroke risk in symptomatic patients. Stroke is…
Biologic connectionism holds as its central tenet that the cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions of the brain are derived from the complex interconnections of simple neural processing units. Much can…
The rapid evolution of brain imaging techniques has increasingly offered more detailed diagnostic and prognostic information about neurologic and psychiatric disorders and the structural and functional brain changes that may…
Animal models of abuse and dependence have long suggested that chronic drug and alcohol exposure is associated with marked changes in neurochemistry. The development of PET and SPECT imaging now…
